Robert Morris University Operating System Questions

  

Description

Students, please use the attachments and you can use Google Searches to find the answers. Please take your time, if you get stuck on a question move on and come back to it. It is better to have one or two unanswered questions than to spend too much time and not finish the assignment.

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Assignment 1:

Systems Architecture,
Sixth Edition
Chapter 2
Introduction To Systems Architecture
Chapter Objectives
• In this chapter, you will learn to:
– Discuss the development of automated
computing
– Describe the general capabilities of a computer
– Describe computer system components and their
functions
– List computer system classes and their
distinguishing characteristics
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
2
Chapter Objectives (continued)
– Define the roles, functions, and economics of
application and system software
– Describe the components and functions of
computer networks
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
3
Systems Architecture
• Describes structure, interaction, and technology
of computer system components
• Capabilities of a computer
– Accept numeric inputs
– Perform computational functions
– Communicate results
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
4
Automated Computation
• Mechanical
– Early computers with limited capabilities
– Performed repetitive mathematical calculations
• Electronic
– Electrons used rather than gears and wheels
– Fast, accurate reliable
• Optical
– Light is the basis for computation
– Fast, accurate reliable
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
5
Mechanical Implementation
• Mechanical representation of a mathematical
calculation
• Difference engine: Charles Babbage, 1821
• Limitations and shortcomings
– Complex design and construction
– Wear, breakdown, and maintenance of parts
– Limits on operating speed
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
6
Figure 2.1 Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine
Courtesy of Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
7
Electronic Implementation
• Stores numerical values as magnetic charges or
by positioning electrical switches
• Can convert physical movement into electrical
signals, or vice versa
• World War II: impetus for change
• Faster and more reliable for complex
calculations
• Easier to build than mechanical counterparts
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
8
Optical Implementation
• Harnesses energy of a moving photon
• Represents data as pulses of light stored directly
or indirectly by materials that reflect or don’t
reflect light
• Now common in computer networks that cover
large distances
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
9
Quantum Computing
• Quantum physics describes the behavior of
matter at a subatomic level
• Rules differ from classical physics
• Qubit: any matter that stores data in multiple
simultaneous quantum states
• More efficient than conventional computers
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
10
Computer Capabilities
• General-purpose processor
• Storage capacity
• Flexible communication
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
11
Processor
• Device that performs data manipulation and
transformation functions
– Computation
– Comparison
– Data movement among memory, mass storage,
and input/output devices
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
12
Processor (continued)
• Instructions
• Programs
• General-purpose and special-purpose
processors
• Formulas and algorithms
• Comparisons and branching
– Conditions
– Logic instructions
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
13
Storage Capacity
• Types of information to be stored
– Intermediate processing results
– Data
– Programs
• Characteristics of storage devices vary widely
– Cost
– Access speed
– Reliability
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
14
Input/Output Capability
• Must encompass many communication modes
– Sound, text, and graphics (for humans)
– Electronic or optical communication (for other
computers)
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
15
Computer Hardware
Figure 2.6 The major functions of computer hardware
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
16
Hardware Components
Figure 2.7 The hardware components of a computer system
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
17
Central Processing Unit
• General-purpose processor
– Executes all instructions (computation and
comparison functions)
– Directs all data movement
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
18
Components of the CPU
Figure 2.8 Components of the CPU
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
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CPU Components
Arithmetic
logic unit
(ALU)
• Contains electrical circuits that
implement each instruction
Registers
• Internal storage locations that can
each hold a single instruction or data
item
Control unit
• Controls movement of data to and
from CPU
• Accesses program instructions and
issues appropriate commands to ALU
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
20
System Bus
• Internal communication channel that connects
all other hardware devices
• Main channel for moving data and instructions
among hardware components
• Capacity is critical to performance, secondary
storage, and I/O device performance
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
21
Primary Storage
• Also known as main memory
• Holds program instructions and data for
currently executing programs
• Implemented with random access memory
(RAM)
– Provides access speed and allows CPU to read
or write to specific memory locations
– Volatile; does not provide permanent storage
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
22
Secondary Storage
• Composed of high-capacity nonvolatile storage
devices that hold:
– Programs not currently being executed
– Data not needed by currently executing programs
– Data needed by currently executing programs
that does not fit within available primary storage
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
23
Table 2.1 Comparison of storage types
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
24
Input/Output Devices
• Implement external communication functions
• Human-oriented communication devices
(e.g., keyboard, pointing devices, voicerecognition devices)
• Computer-oriented communication devices
(e.g., modem, network interface unit)
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
25
Computer System Classes
Microcomputer
• Meets information processing needs of
single user
• Examples: PCs, network computers
Portable
• Meets information processing needs of a
single user at a variety of levels
• Examples: laptop, network, PDA
Midrange
computer
• Supports many programs and users
simultaneously
Mainframe
• Handles information processing needs of
large number of users and applications
• Large amounts of data storage and access
Supercomputer
• Designed for rapid mathematical
computation
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
26
Table 2.2 Representative products in various computer classes (2009)
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
27
Multicomputer Configurations
• Any organization of multiple computers to
support a specific set of services or applications
• Common configurations
–
–
–
–
Cluster
Blade
Grid
Could
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
28
Cluster
• Group of similar or identical computers that
cooperate to provide services or execute a
common application
– Connected by high-speed network
– Typically located close to one another
• Advantages: scalability and fault tolerance
• Disadvantages: complex configuration and
administration
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
29
Blade
• Circuit board that contains most of a server
• Same advantages and disadvantages as a
cluster, but also:
– Concentrate more computing power in less space
– Are simpler to modify
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
30
Grid
• Group of dissimilar computer systems,
connected by high-speed network, that
cooperate to provide services or execute a
common application
• Computers may be in separate rooms, buildings,
or continents
• Computers work cooperatively at some times,
independently at others
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
31
Cloud
• Set of computing resources with two
components:
– Front-end interfaces
– Back-end resources
• Specific way of organizing computing resources
for maximum availability and accessibility
• Minimum complexity in the user or service
interface
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
32
Bigger Isn’t Always Better
• Grosch’s Law (1952) has been rewritten due to:
– Multiple classes of computers
– Expanded abilities to configure computers for
specific purposes
– Increased software costs relative to hardware
costs
– Multicomputer configurations
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
33
The Role of Software
• Translates user needs and requests into CPU
instructions
• Performs complex translation process that
bridges two gaps
– Human language to machine language (binary)
– High-level abstraction to low-level detail
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
34
Figure 2.12 The role of software as a translator between user requests and
CPU instructions
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
35
Software Types
Application
program
• Stored set of instructions for responding to a
specific request
• Used directly by end users
Utility
program
• Contains instructions for performing generalpurpose tasks
• Usually operates invisibly in the background
System
software
• Performs utility functions needed by many
application programs
• Allocates computer resources to application
programs.
• Manages computer resources
• Does not interact with end users
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
36
Figure 2.13 The interaction between the user, application software,
system software, and computer hardware
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
37
System Software Layers
•
•
•
•
System management
System services
Resource allocation
Hardware interface
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
38
Figure 2.14 Software layers and their relationship to hardware
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
39
Operating Systems
• Most important and prevalent system software
component
• Collection of utility programs that provides:
– Support for users and application programs
– Allocation of resources to multiple users and
application programs
– Controlling access to hardware
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
40
Operating System Functions
•
•
•
•
Program storage, loading, and execution
File manipulation and access
Secondary storage management
Network and interactive user interfaces
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
41
Application Development Software
• Programs used to develop other programs
• Types
–
–
–
–
Program translators
Program editors
Debugging tools
System development tools
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
42
Economics of System and Application
Development Software
• System software consumes hardware resources
• Cost per unit of computing power has decreased
rapidly
• Software is more cost effective when reused
many times
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
43
Figure 2.15 The change over time in related costs of hardware, application
software, and system software in a typical information system
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
44
Computer Networks
• Consist of hardware and software components
that enable multiple users and computer
systems to share information, software, and
hardware resources
• Enables many types of personal communication
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
45
Figure 2.17 Computer network functions and their relationship to computer
hardware and software
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
46
External Resources
• Data available in many forms, including:
–
–
–
–
Text files
Sound and video
Databases
Web pages
• One computer can ask another to run a program
and transmit results or receive a file containing a
program and run it locally
• Can also share hardware devices of all types
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
47
Network Software
• Finds requested resources on the network
• Negotiates resource access with distant
resource allocation software
• Receives and delivers resources to requesting
user or program
• May also listen for and validate resource
requests and deliver resources via the network
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
48
Network Communication and the
Physical Network
• Network communication devices
– Simpler than I/O devices; do not need to convert
data represented electronically into another form
– Must support communication at high speeds
• Physical network
– Complex combination of communication
protocols, methods of data transmission, and
network hardware devices
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
49
Summary
• Basic elements of computer system architecture
– Hardware
– Software
– Networks
• Computer system consist of a CPU, primary
storage, secondary storage, and I/O devices
• Software translates user requests into machine
instructions
• Operating system is most important system
software component
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
50
Reviewing the Basics
Review Questions
1
1. Why is all data stored in a computer in binary form?
2
Question 1 Answer
Why is all data stored in a computer in binary form?
Answer:
Binary is the format that the
computer “understands,” not a
programming language or a
human language.
All instructions between hardware
and software in a computer are
reduced to a simple yes or no,
a state of on or off or a bit.
8-bits are combined to form a
meaningful character stored in
a byte. The binary code to make
meaning out of text
represented in bytes is called
ASCII.
3
2. What three things do electronic hardware devices need
in order to function?
4
Question 2 Answer
What three things do electronic hardware devices need in
order to function?
Answer:
A method for the CPU to communicate with
the device
Software to instruct and control the device
(each device has its own specific set of
instructions), and
Electricity to power the device, e.g., a power
cable and power supply.
5
3. What is the purpose of an expansion slot on a
motherboard?
6
Question 3 Answer
What is the purpose of an expansion slot on a
motherboard?
Answer:
An expansion slot on a motherboard is used for an
expansion card, which enables a device that is
not on the motherboard to communicate with the
CPU.
Devices that are commonly installed as a expansion
card includes: Video Cards, SCSI AND IDS RAID
Controller Cards, Ethernet and Modems, Extra
Ports, e.g., Serial Parallel, USB and FireWire.
7
4. Name three CPU manufacturers.
8
Question 4 Answer
Name three CPU manufacturers.
Most Popular Answers:
Intel
AMD
Cyrix
IBM
9
5. What are two other names for the system bus?
10
Question 5 Answer
What are two other names for the system bus?
Answer:
memory bus
host bus
front side bus
external bus
11
6. What are two other names for the
motherboard?
12
Question 6 Answer
What are two other names for the motherboard?
Answer:
Main board
System board
13
7. What are the two basic types of cables found inside a
computer case and what are their basic functions?
14
Question 7 Answer
What are the two basic types of cables found inside a
computer case and what are their basic functions?
Answer:
A data cable used for
passing data between
devices and a power
cable used to supply
power to a device.
15
8. List three types of ports that are often found coming directly off the
motherboard to be used by external devices.
16
Question 8 Answer
List three types of ports that are often found coming directly off the
motherboard to be used by external devices.
Possible answers:
serial port, parallel port, USB port, network port, FireWire or
1394 port, mouse port, keyboard port, S/PDIF port, sound
port, wireless LAN antenna port
17
9. What is the purpose of the S/PDIF port?
18
Question 9 Answer
What is the purpose of the S/PDIF port?
Answer: The S/PDIF port connects to an external
home theater audio system, providing digital
output and the best signal quality.
19
10. List three kinds of memory modules.
20
Question 10 Answer
List three kinds of memory modules.
Answers:
 SIMMs (single inline
memory modules)
 DIMMs (dual inline
memory modules),
 RIMMs
21
11. What is the difference between volatile
and nonvolatile memory?
22
Question 11 Answer
What is the difference between volatile
and nonvolatile memory?
Answer:
Volatile memory is temporary and needs a
constant electrical charge to hold data.
Nonvolatile memory is permanent and
holds memory even when electricity is
turned off.
23
12. Which type of system storage is generally
slower, but more permanent?
24
Question 12 Answer
Which type of system storage is generally slower,
but more permanent?
Answer:
Secondary storage is more permanent, but
slower than Primary Storage.
25
14. What technology standard provides for up to four
devices on a system, including the hard drive as one of
those?
26
Question 14 Answer
What technology standard provides for up to four devices
on a system, including the hard drive as one of those?
Answer:
ATA (AT attachment), also called EIDE
(enhanced integrated drive electronics) or
IDE
27
15. What is the size of the data path on
most system buses today?
28
Question 15 Answer
What is the size of the data path on most
system buses today?
Answer: 64 bits
29
16. What is the measurement of frequency of a system bus
and CPU?

Which is faster, the system bus or the CPU?
30
Question 16 Answer
What is the measurement of frequency of a system
bus and CPU?
Avswer:
Frequency is generally measured in Hz,
MHz, or GHz. The CPU is faster than the
system bus.
31
17. Name four types of buses that are likely
to be on a motherboard today.
32
Question 17 Answer
Name four types of buses that are likely to
be on a motherboard today.
Possible answers:
PCI (Peripheral
Component
Interconnect),
AGP (Accelerated
Graphics Port),
ISA (Industry
Standard
Architecture),
system bus,
PCI Express
33
18. A power supply receives 120 volts of ___ power from a
wall outlet and converts it to 3.3, 5, and 12 volts of
____ power.
34
Question 18 Answer
A power supply receives 120 volts of ___ power from a wall
outlet and converts it to 3.3, 5, and 12 volts of ____ power.
Answer:
A power supply receives
120 volts of AC power
from a wall outlet and
converts it to 3.3, 5,
and 12 volts of DC
power.
35
19. An AGP slot is normally used for a(n)
_______ expansion card.
36
Question 19 Answer
An AGP slot is normally used for a(n) _______
expansion card.
Answer: Video
37
20. How many sizes of PCI Express slots are
currently manufactured for personal computers?
38
Question 20 Answer
How many sizes of PCI Express slots are currently
manufactured for personal computers?
Answer: Four
39
21. Name the three purposes the
motherboard ROM BIOS serves.
40
Question 21 Answer
Name the three purposes the motherboard ROM
BIOS serves.
Answer: The BIOS is used to manage simple
devices (system BIOS), to start the computer
(startup BIOS), and to change settings on the
motherboard (CMOS setup). The Firmware Chip
contains the Flash BIOS and the CMOS RAM and
is powered by the Coin battery
41
22. Most buses are 16, 32, 64, or 128 bits wide.
Why do you think these bus widths are multiples
of eight?
42
Question 22 Answer
Most buses are 16, 32, 64, or 128 bits wide. Why do you
think these bus widths are multiples of eight?
Answer: Because everything in a computer
is stored and processed in binary, and 1
byte equals 8 bits
43
23. If the CMOS battery inside your computer system died, when you
first turn on your system, will you expect the system to boot up
normally to the operating system level?
44
Question 23 Answer
If the CMOS battery inside your computer system died, when you
first turn on your system, will you expect the system to boot up
normally to the operating system level?
Answer:
No, the system will not boot normally
because the configuration information
would not be available. This information
includes the type of hard drive and floppy
drive installed and the boot sequence.
45
End of Review
46
About the Presentations
• The presentations cover the objectives found in the
opening of each chapter.
• All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
each presentation.
• You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
• Some figures from the chapters are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be found
on the Instructor Resources disc.
1
Systems Architecture,
Sixth Edition
Chapter 1
Computer Technology: Your Need to
Know
Chapter Objectives
• In this chapter, you will learn to:
– Describe the activities of information systems
professionals
– Describe the technical knowledge of computer
hardware and system software needed to
develop and manage information systems
– Identify additional sources of information for
continuing education in computer hardware and
system software
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
3
Technology and Knowledge
• Computers
– Increasingly complex and powerful
– Easier to use
• Why is technological knowledge important?
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
4
Acquiring and Configuring
Technological Devices
• Requires more knowledge than using devices
effectively
• Challenges of an IS professional
– Computer acquisition
– Upgrading
– Configuration choices
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
5
Information System Development
• Systems development life cycle (SDLC)
– Unified Process (UP)
• Iterations
– Series of repeated steps
– Produce testable models or working software
• Disciplines
– Groups of related activities
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
6
FIGURE 1.1 Disciplines and iterations in the Unified Process
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
7
Business Modeling and Requirements
Disciplines
• Purpose
– To understand the system environment and tasks
the system must perform
• Technical knowledge required to:
– Assess degree to which users’ needs are being
met
– Estimate resources required to address unmet
needs
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
8
Design Discipline
• Purpose
– To determine structure of a specific information
system that fulfills system requirements
(information architecture)
• Technical knowledge required to:
– Select hardware and network components
– Evaluate compatibility
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
9
Design Discipline (continued)
• Sets of design activities
– Architectural design
• Select and describe exact configuration
– Detailed design
• Narrower in scope
• Constrained by information architecture
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
10
Specific Systems Design Tasks
Selection of…
Examples
Computer
hardware
Processing, storage, I/O, and
network components
Network hardware
Transmission lines, routers,
firewalls
OS, database management
system, network services, network
protocols, security protocols and
software
Programming languages,
component libraries, integrated
development environments
Software
Application
program
development tools
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
11
FIGURE 1.2 Design activities in the Unified Process
Courtesy of Course Technology/Cengage Learning
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
12
Implementation and Testing Disciplines
• Purpose of implementation
– To build, acquire, and integrate application
software components
• Purpose of testing
– To verify correct functioning of infrastructure and
application software components and ensure they
satisfy system requirements
• Require specific knowledge of hardware,
networks, and system software
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
13
Deployment Discipline
• Purpose
– To install and configure infrastructure and
application software components and bring them
into operation
• Technical knowledge required to:
–
–
–
–
Format storage devices
Set up system security
Install and configure network services
Establish accounting and auditing controls
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
14
Systems Evaluation and Maintenance
• Accounts for much of long range system cost
• Technical knowledge required to:
– Address maintenance changes
– Classify a proposed change as major or minor
– Modify an existing system
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
15
Managing Computer Resources
• Requires attention to compatibility and future
trends
• Technical knowledge required to ensure that:
– Each new system operates correctly by itself and
operates smoothly with other systems in the
organization
– Software/hardware acquisitions provide a good
foundation for current and future systems
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
16
Roles and Job Titles
• Classification of computer professionals
–
–
–
–
Software developers
Systems programmers
Hardware personnel
Systems managers
• Computer hardware and software knowledge
requirements of each group
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
17
Application Developers
• Contribute to different parts of SDLC
– Systems analyst: business modeling and
requirements
– Systems designer: design discipline, sometimes
deployment
– Programmer: builds and tests software
• Need in-depth hardware and system software
knowledge
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
18
Types of Applications
Type
Role
Education needed
Business
transaction
s/informati
on
processing
Process business
transactions or
provide information
to managers
College or technical
degree in management
or business with
specialization in
information processing
Scientific
Meet data
processing and
numerical modeling
needs
Degree in mathematics,
computer science or a
branch of engineering
Technical
Control or directly
interact with
hardware devices
Degree in mathematics,
computer science or a
branch of engineering
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
19
Systems Programmers
• Develop system software (operating systems,
compilers, database management systems,
network security monitors)
• Perform hardware troubleshooting and software
installation and configuration
• Have degrees in computer science or computer
engineering
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
20
Systems Programmers (continued)
• Need in-depth knowledge of system software,
computer hardware, and networks
– System software often directly controls computer
hardware or interacts with networks
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
21
Hardware Personnel
• Design, install, and maintain hardware
• Education
– Technical degree and/or vendor-specific training
(lower level)
– Degree in computer science or computer
engineering (higher level)
• Require extensive knowledge of computer
hardware (processing, data storage,
input/output, and networking devices)
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
22
Systems Managers
• Common job titles
–
–
–
–
Computer operations manager
Network administrator
Database administrator
Chief information officer
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
23
Systems Managers (continued)
• Computer operations manager
– Oversees operation of a large information
processing facility (scheduling, staffing, security,
system backups, maintenance, upgrades)
– Knowledge requirements
• Broad base of technical knowledge to understand
organization’s information systems and
infrastructure
• Capability of understanding advice of technical
staff
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
24
Systems Managers (continued)
• Network administrator roles
– May be responsible for network infrastructure
• Requires technical expertise in computer
hardware, telecommunications, and system
software
• Emphasis on network and data communication
technology
– May be responsible for local area network
• Provides access to many resources
• One of the most demanding positions
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
25
Systems Managers (continued)
• Network administrator responsible for LAN
–
–
–
–
–
Operates and maintains network
Installs and maintains end-user software
Installs and configures hardware
Trains users
Assists management in selecting and acquiring
software and hardware
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
26
Systems Managers (continued)
• Database administrator
– Responsible for management of large collections
of data
– Requires technical expertise and ability to help
the organization exploit its data resources
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
27
Systems Managers (continued)
• Responsibilities of a Chief Information Officer
– Organization’s computers, networks, software,
and data
– Strategic planning
– Effective use of information/computing technology
– Broad base of technical knowledge to interact
effectively with all technical specialists
– Vision of how technology is changing and how
best to respond to changes to support
organizational objectives
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
28
Computer Technology Information
Sources
• Periodical literature (most important)
• Web sites
– Technology-oriented
– Vendor and Manufacturer
• Training courses offered by hardware and
software vendors
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
29
Periodical Literature
• Examples of available literature
–
–
–
–
–
ACM Computing Surveys
Computerworld
Communications of the ACM
Computer
InformationWeek
• Web-based periodicals
– Provide content from back issues, additional
content, a search engine, and other links
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
30
Technology-Oriented Web Sites
• Provide a common interface to publication
families
• Enable publisher to provide additional content
and services
• Can generate revenue in several ways
• May have biased content (expect to pay for
completely unbiased information)
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
31
TABLE 1.1 Technology-related Web sites
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
32
Vendor and Manufacturer
Web Sites
• Primarily marketing and customer support tools
• Provide current detailed technical product
information
• Often biased in favor of vendor’s products
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
33
Professional Societies
• AITP (Association for Information Technology
Professionals)
• ACM (Association for Computing Machinery)
• IEEE Computer Society (Institute for Electrical
and Electronics Engineers Computer Society)
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
34
Summary
• Technical knowledge of computers
– Required to develop information systems
– Required to manage an organization’s
information systems and infrastructure
(compatibility, future trends)
– Must be constantly updated
• Self-study and training
• Information available on Web
Systems Architecture, Sixth Edition
35
About the Presentations
• The presentations cover the objectives found in the
opening of each chapter.
• All chapter objectives are listed in the beginning of
each presentation.
• You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
• Some figures from the chapters are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be found
on the Instructor Resources disc.
A+ Guide to Managing and
Maintaining Your PC, 7e
Chapter 1
Introducing Hardware
Objectives
• Learn that a computer requires both hardware and
software to work
• Learn about the many different hardware
components inside of and connected to a computer
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e
3
Hardware Needs Software to Work
• Hardware
– Computer’s physical components
• Monitor, keyboard, memory, hard drive
• Software
– Instruction set
• Directs hardware to accomplish a task
– Uses hardware for four basic functions
• Input, processing, storage, output
• Hardware components
– Require an electrical system
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Figure 1-1 Computer activity consists of input, processing, storage,
and output
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Hardware Needs Software to Work
(cont’d.)
• User interaction with computer
– User and software communicate with input device
– Hardware uses two states: on and off
Figure 1-2 All communication, storage, and processing of data inside
a computer are in binary form until presented as output to the user
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Hardware Needs Software to Work
(cont’d.)
• Binary number system
– Stores and reads two states
• Zero or one
– Bit: binary digit
• Value of zero or one
– Nibble: four bits
– Byte: eight bits
– Used for counting, calculation, storage operations
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
– Used for storing information
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Figure 1-3 All letters and numbers are stored in a computer
as a series of bits, each represented in the computer as on
or off
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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PC Hardware Components
• Input/output (I/O) devices: external to the case
• Processing, storage devices: internal to the case
• Central processing unit (CPU)
– Also called: processor, microprocessor
– Reads input, processes data, writes data to storage
• Elements required by I/O, storage devices
– Method for CPU to communicate with the device
– Software to instruct, control the device
– Electricity to power the device
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Hardware Used for Input and Output
• I/O device communication with computer
components
– Wireless
– Cabled using a port
• Access point located in back or front of case
• Primary input devices
– Keyboard, mouse
• Requires electricity from inside case
• Primary output devices
– Monitor: visually displays primary computer output
– Printer: produces paper output (hard copy)
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Figure 1-4 Input/output devices connect to the computer case by
ports usually found on the back of the case
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-5 The keyboard and the
mouse are the two most popular
input devices
Courtesy: Course
Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-6 The two most popular output
devices are the monitor and the printer
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage
Learning
12
Figure 1-7 Two video connectors and two connectors used
by a printer
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Hardware Inside the Computer Case
• Storage and processing occurs in the case
• Internal devices common to most computers
–
–
–
–
Motherboard containing CPU, memory, other parts
Hard drive, optical drive for permanent storage
Power supply with power cords supplying electricity
Adapter cards for internal and external
communication
– Cables to connect devices
• Adapter card installed in expansion slots
• Cable types
– Data (communication) and power
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Figure 1-8 Inside the computer case
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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The Motherboard
• Largest, most important circuit board
– Main board or system board
– Contains the CPU, expansion slots, other devices
• Motherboard component categories
– Processing, temporary storage, communication, power
• All devices communicate with motherboard CPU
• Peripheral device links to motherboard via cable
• Motherboard ports may be outside of the case
– Keyboard, mouse, parallel, USB ports, sound ports
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Figure 1-9 All hardware components are either located on the
motherboard or directly or indirectly connected to it because they must all
communicate with the CPU
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-10 A motherboard provides ports for common I/O devices
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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The Processor and the Chipset
• CPU
– Chip inside the computer
– Performs most data processing
• Chipset
– Group of microchips controlling data flow
• Personal computer (PC)
– Focus of this text
• Major CPU, chipsets manufacturers
– Intel Corporation, AMD
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Figure 1-11 The processor is hidden underneath the fan and the
heat sink, which keep it cool
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Storage Devices
• Primary storage (main memory)
– Temporary storage used by the processor
• Secondary storage (permanent storage)
– Enables data to persist after machine turned off
– Examples: hard drive, CD, DVD, USB drive
• Primary-secondary memory relationship analogy
– Library book stacks: permanent storage
– Books moved to a desk: temporary storage
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Figure 1-12 Memory is a temporary place to hold
instructions and data while the CPU processes both
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Primary Storage
• Provided by random access memory (RAM)
– Located on motherboard, adapter cards
• RAM chips
–
–
–
–
Embedded on small board
Plugs into motherboard
Most common: dual inline memory module (DIMM)
Video memory: embedded on video card
• Volatile memory
• Non-volatile memory
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Figure 1-13 A DIMM holds RAM and is mounted directly
on a motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Secondary Storage
• Remote storage locations containing data and
instructions
– Cannot be directly processed by CPU
– Permanent
• Hard drives
– Main secondary computer storage device
– Magnetic hard drives
• Use Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
– Solid state drive (SSD)
• Use nonvolatile flash memory
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Figure 1-15 Hard drive with sealed
cover removed
Courtesy: Seagate Technologies LLC
Figure 1-16 Four SSD drives
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage
Learning
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Secondary Storage (cont’d.)
• Hard drives (cont’d.)
– ATA (AT Attachment) standard
• Specifies motherboard-hard drive interface
• Types: serial ATA (SATA), parallel ATA (PATA)
– Serial ATA standard
• External SATA (eSATA)
• Usually two to eight SATA and eSATA connectors
– Parallel ATA (PATA)
• Slower than SATA
• Two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables
• Accommodates up to four IDE devices
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Figure 1-18 Using a parallel ATA interface, a motherboard has two IDE
connectors, each of which can accommodate two devices; a hard drive
usually connects to the motherboard using the primary IDE connector
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-19 Two IDE devices connected to a motherboard using both IDE
connections and two cables
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-20 This system has a CD-ROM and a Zip drive sharing
the secondary IDE cable and a hard drive using the primary IDE cable
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Secondary Storage (cont’d.)
• Optical drives
– RW can write to a disk
– ROM (read-only memory) can only read a disc
Figure 1-22 This CD drive is an EIDE device and connects to the
motherboard by way of an IDE data cable
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Secondary Storage (cont’d.)
• USB flash drives and memory cards
– Popular, nonvolatile flash memory chips
– Compact; easy to use; currently hold up to 64 GB of
data
Figure 1-24 Most laptops have a memory card slot
that can accommodate an SD card
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Secondary Storage (cont’d.)
• Floppy drive
– Older secondary storage device
– 3.5-inch disk holding 1.44 MB of data
– Floppy drive connector
• Distinct from IDE connectors
• Floppy drive cable accommodates one or two drives
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Motherboard Components Used For
Communication Among Devices
• Traces
– Fine lines on top and bottom of the motherboard’s
surface
• Bus
– System of pathways, transmission protocols
• Data bus
– Carries the data
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Figure 1-27 On the bottom of the motherboard, you can
see bus lines terminating at the CPU socket
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Motherboard Components Used For
Communication Among Devices
(cont’d.)
• Binary data corresponds to voltage on the line
– Voltage, lack of voltage interpreted as binary digits
• Data bus sizes today
– 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 bits wide
– Some use error checking bit
Figure 1-28 A data bus has traces or lines that carry voltage interpreted by the CPU
and other devices as bits Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Motherboard Components Used For
Communication Among Devices
(cont’d.)
• Data path size
– Width of a data bus
• Motherboard can have more than one bus
– Main motherboard bus
• Communicates with CPU, memory, chipset
• Also called system bus, front side bus (FSB), memory
bus, host bus, local bus, external bus
• System clock
– Dedicated to timing motherboard chip activities
– Quartz crystal generates oscillation
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Figure 1-29 The system clock is a pulsating electrical signal sent out by this
component that works much like a crystal in a wristwatch (one line, or circuit, on
the motherboard bus is dedicated to carrying this pulse)
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Motherboard Components Used For
Communication Among Devices
(cont’d.)
• Devices work according to beats (or cycles)
• Clock speed measured in hertz (cycles/second)
– One megahertz (MHz): one million cycles per second
– One gigahertz (GHz): one billion cycles per second
• Common ratings for motherboard buses
– 2600 MHz, 2000 MHz, 1600 MHz, 1333 MHz, 1066
MHz, 800 MHz, 533 MHz, or 400 MHz
• Range of CPU speeds: 166 MHz to 4 GHz
• Buses for expansion slots: PCI, AGP, ISA
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Figure 1-30 The lines of a bus terminate at an expansion slot where they
connect to pins that connect to lines on the expansion card inserted in the
slot
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-31 The one AGP slot used for a video card is set farther from
the edge of the board than the PCI slots
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Expansion Cards
• Some names for circuits mounted in expansion slots
– Circuit cards, adapter boards, expansion cards, cards
• Cards that connect the CPU to an external device
–
–
–
–
Video: provides a port for the monitor
Sound: provides ports for speakers and microphones
Network: provides a port for a network cable
Modem: provides ports for phone lines
• Determine a card’s function by identifying its port
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Figure 1-32 This adapter card is a modem card and is
mounted in a PCI slot on the motherboard
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 1-34 The easiest way to identify this video card is to look at the ports on the
end of the card
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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The Electrical System
• Power supply
–
–
–
–
Most important electrical component
Converts AC voltage external source to DC voltage
Reduces voltage from 110-120 volts to 12 volts or less
Runs a fan to cool the inside of the computer case
• Temperatures > 185° F can cause component failure
• Motherboard has 1 or 2 connections to power supply
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Figure 1-36 The motherboard receives its power
from the power supply by way of a 20 or 24-pin
connector called the P1 connector
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Instructions Stored on the Motherboard
and Other Boards
• BIOS (basic input/output system)
– Data and instructions stored on ROM chips
– ROM BIOS chips: type of firmware
• Three purposes served by motherboard ROM BIOS
– System BIOS: manages simple devices
– Startup BIOS: starts the computer
– CMOS setup: changes motherboard settings
• CMOS RAM: includes date, time, port configurations
• Flash ROM
– ROM chips that can be overwritten
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Figure 1-37 This firmware chip contains flash ROM and CMOS RAM; CMOS
RAM is powered by the coin battery located near the chip
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Summary
• A computer comprises hardware and software
• Main functions
– Input, output, processing, storage
• Data stored in a binary format (one or zero, on or off)
• Input/output devices
– Keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor
• Motherboard (system board)
– Contains CPU, access to other circuit boards,
peripherals
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Summary (cont’d.)
• Primary storage (RAM): volatile
• Secondary storage: nonvolatile
• Parallel and serial ATA standards
– Enable secondary storage devices to interface with the
motherboard
• Computer bus
– System of communication pathways, protocols
• ROM BIOS
– Helps start PCs; manages simple devices; changes
some motherboard settings
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A+ Guide to Managing and
Maintaining Your PC, 7e
Chapter 2
Introducing Operating Systems
Objectives
• Learn about the various operating systems and the
differences between them
• Learn about the components of Windows operating
systems
• Learn how operating systems interface with users,
files and folders, applications, and hardware
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Operating Systems Past And Present
• Operating system (OS) software
– Controls a computer
• OS services
–
–
–
–
Manages hardware
Runs applications
Provides an interface for users
Retrieves and manipulates files
• OS acts as a “middleman”
• Computer needs only one operating system
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Figure 2-1 Users and applications depend on the OS to relate to all
applications and hardware components
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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DOS (Disk Operating System)
• First OS used by IBM computers/compatibles
• Command line driven set of programs
• Outdated as desktop computer operating system
– Still available on troubleshooting disks or CDs
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DOS with Windows 3.X
• Refers to Windows 3.1 and windows 3.11
• Uses DOS as the operating system
• Provides user friendly intermediate program
between:
– DOS, applications, and the user
• Long lasting features provided:
–
–
–
–
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Windows desktop
Windows concept
Ability to keep more than one application open at the
same time
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Figure 2-3 Windows 3.x was layered between DOS and the user
and applications to provide a graphics interface for the user and
a multitasking environment for applications
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Windows 9x/ME
• Refers to Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me
• True operating system
– Combines DOS core with GUI
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Windows NT
• Two versions of Windows NT (New Technology):
– Windows NT Workstation for desktops
– Windows NT Server to control a network
• Microsoft completely rewrote OS core
– Totally eliminates DOS core
– Introduced many new problems
• First Windows OS using 32 bits at a time
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Windows 2000
• Upgrades Windows NT (desktop and server)
• Came in several versions
– Popular desktop OS
• Improvements
–
–
–
–
Stable environment, Plug and Play support
Device Manager, Recovery Console, Active Directory
Better network support
Features specifically targeting notebook computers
• Targeted towards corporate environment
• Not backward compatible
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Windows XP
• Integrates Windows 9x/Me and Windows 2000
• Two main versions: Home Edition and Professional
• Noteworthy new features:
– Allows multiple users to log on simultaneously
• Each with their own applications open
– Incorporates Windows Messenger and Media Player
– Adds advanced security, such as Windows Firewall
• Stable
– Service pack: major update or fix to an OS
– Patch: minor fix
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Windows Vista
• Upgrade from Windows XP
– Comes in five versions
• Aero user interface
– New 3D user interface (not available on all versions)
• Windows XP Start button
– Replaced by Vista sphere with a Windows flag
• Complaints
– Lack of backward compatibility
– Computer resources required
– Slow performance
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Windows 7
• Next generation of Microsoft OS
• Should correct Vista complaints
• Expected to run on netbooks
– Low-end inexpensive laptop
• Small 9- or 10-inch screen, no optical drive
– Generally used for Web browsing, e-mail, word
processing
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MAC OS
• Introduced in 1984 with Macintosh computers
– Current version: Mac OS X (ten)
– Can work on Intel-based computers
• Boot Camp dual boot software by Apple available
• VMWare Fusion creates a virtual machine
• Features:
–
–
–
–
Support for graphics and multimedia capabilities
Use of the Finder program to provide the desktop
Superior Plug and Play capabilities
Excellent support for multitasking
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Linux
•
•
•
•
Variation on UNIX
OS kernel and source code freely distributed
Many popular distributions
Well suited for server applications
– Sometimes used as a desktop OS
• Not easy to install, use
• Fewer applications than Windows, MAC OS
• Used on netbooks (Small footprint)
• Embedded operating system on mobile devices
• Excellent training tool for learning Unix
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Linux (cont’d.)
• Shell
– Relates to the user and to applications
• First Linux, Unix shells
– Commands entered at a command prompt
• Two popular command-line shells for Unix, Linux
– Older Bourne shell, newer Bourne-Again shell
(BASH)
• Many users prefer Windows-style GUI desktop
– Built using X Windows
– Most popular GUI shells
• GNOME, KDE, Xfce
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How Windows 2000/XP/Vista Works
• Windows 2000, XP, Vista
– Three evolutions
• Same basic operating system
– Many things in common
•
•
•
•
•
Way they are built
Main components
User interface
Other interfaces
Four main functions
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What an Operating System Does
• Four functions common to all operating systems
–
–
–
–
Providing a user interface
Managing files
Managing applications
Managing hardware
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Components of Windows
• Shell: relates to the user and to applications
• Kernel: responsible for interacting with hardware
• Configuration data
– Information OS keeps about hardware, applications,
data, users
• Shell made up of subsystems
– Operate in user mode
• Subsystems have limited access to system information
and can access hardware only through other OS
services
– Win32 security subsystem
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Figure 2-10 Inside an operating system, different components
perform various functions
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Components of Windows (cont’d.)
• Windows kernel
– More power to communicate with hardware devices
than the shell has
– Operates in kernel mode
– Applications cannot get to hardware devices without
the shell passing those requests to the kernel
– Two main components
• The HAL (hardware abstraction layer)
• Executive services interface
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Components of Windows (cont’d.)
• Configuration data
– Used when OS first loaded and when needed by
hardware, applications, users
– Stored in:
• Registry
• Initialization files
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How Windows Manages Applications
• Launching an application
– Move from hard drive into memory
• Process
– Program running, together with the system resources
assigned to it
– Request resources through Win32 subsystem
• Called a thread
• Thread
– Single task
• Multitasking
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Figure 2-11 A process with two threads
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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How Windows Manages Hardware
• Device drivers
– Small programs stored on the hard drive
– Allow kernel to communicate with hardware
– Provided by OS, vendors
• At system startup:
– BIOS provides instructions to the CPU for device
communication
• Drivers written to work for a specific OS
• Four types of software
– Operating system, applications, device drivers, BIOS
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Figure 2-12 An OS relates to hardware by way of device drivers
and possibly system BIOS
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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How Many Bits At A Time?
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Also called a processor
– Partly determines which operating system can be
installed
• Major consideration
– Number of bits CPU processes at a time
– Intel or AMD desktop and laptop processors sold
today
• Process 64 bits at a time
– Older processors handled only 32 bits
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How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.)
• 32-bit processors
– x86 processors
• Intel used the number 86 in the model number of these
earlier processors
• Processors using underlying 32-bit processing with
64-bit instructions
– Hybrid processors known as x86-64 bit processors
– Handle a 32-bit OS or a 64-bit OS
• 64-bit processors
– Fully implement 64-bit processing
• Intel Itanium and Xeon processors
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How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.)
• Windows 2000: 32-bit OS
• Windows XP Professional x64 Edition: 64-bit OS
– All other Windows XP editions: 32-bit OSs
• Vista Home Basic, Home Premium, Business,
Enterprise, Ultimate editions
– 32-bit or 64-bit versions
• Modern desktop, laptop processors today
– Can handle either a 32-bit or 64-bit OS
• Sometimes referred to as an x86 or x64 OS
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How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.)
• Discussion points
– 64-bit processing is faster than 32-bit processing
– 64-bit OS requires that device drivers operating in
kernel mode be 64-bit drivers
– Application is compiled to process 64 bits or 32 bits
– 32-bit OS can only address up to 4 GB of memory
– Benefit from 64-bit computing if:
• Many applications open at the same time
• You have high computing needs and enough hard drive
space and memory
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How Many Bits At A Time? (cont’d.)
• Manufacturers often install a 32-bit OS on a
computer that could support a 64-bit OS
• 64-bit computing tips
– x86 refers to 32-bit processors and to 32-bit operating
systems
– x86-64 refers to a 64-bit OS or to 32-bit processors
that process 64-bit instructions
– IA64 refers specifically to 64-bit Intel processors
– x64 refers to 64-bit operating systems
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Using Windows 2000/XP/Vista
• PC support technician
– Needs to be a Windows power user
• Technician knowledge required
– How Windows desktop organized and how it works
– How to use Windows utilities
• My Computer, Windows Explorer, Control Panel,
System Information, Command Prompt window
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The Windows Vista Desktop
• Primary tool provided by the Windows shell
• Start menu
– Username shown at the top right
– Applications at the top left
• “pinned” to the menu
– Applications used often
• Listed below the pinned applications (can change)
– User-oriented applications
• In the white column on the left side
– Use files and OS utilities
• Entries in the black column on the right side
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Figure 2-15 The Vista desktop and Start menu
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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The Windows Vista Desktop (cont’d.)
• Vista sidebar and gadgets
– New with Windows Vista
– Windows Sidebar Properties box used to:
• Start the sidebar each time Windows starts
• Decide where sidebar appears
• Remove gadgets in sidebar
• Four ways to launch an application
–
–
–
–
Use the Start menu
Use the Search box
Use Windows Explorer or the Computer window
Use a shortcut icon
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Figure 2-16 Windows Sidebar can be customized with
installed and downloaded gadgets
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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The Windows Vista Desktop (cont’d.)
• Taskbar
– Bottom of Windows desktop
• Information about open programs, quick access to
others
• Quick launch icons
– Notification (system tray or systray)
– Service: program that runs in the background
– Supports or serves Windows or an application
– Right-click the taskbar, use the shortcut menu
• Control Start menu, taskbar, notification area, open
applications
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Figure 2-21 The Windows Vista taskbar with a thumbnail of one
open application
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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Figure 2-22 Press Win+Tab to view open applications in a flip
3D view when using the Vista Aero interface
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning
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The Windows Vista Desktop (cont’d.)
• Personalize the Windows desktop
– Right-click anywhere on the desktop
• Choose Personalize from the shortcut menu
• Default programs and file associations
– Located in right column of the Start menu
– Can change default programs associated with certain
file extensions and activities
– File extension
• One or more characters following the last period in a
filename
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Figure 2-25 The Default Programs
window is used to change file
associations
Courtesy: Course
Technology/Cengage Learning
Figure 2-26 Select the default program
to play an .avi video file
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage
Learning
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Differences In The Windows XP/2000
Desktop and The Vista Desktop
• Point to All Programs
– List of currently installed software appears
• System tools
– Back up data, clean up a hard drive, schedule tasks,
restore Windows settings, various other things
– New Vista tool
• Internet Explorer (No Add-ons)
• Controlling Windows appearance
– Vista uses Personalization window
– Windows XP/2000 uses the Display Properties
window
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Figure 2-27 The Windows XP
desktop and Start menu
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Technology/Cengage Learning
A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, 7e
Figure 2-29 Windows XP Display
Properties window lets you change
settings for your desktop
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Technology/Cengage Learning
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Differences In The Windows XP/2000
Desktop and The Vista Desktop
(cont’d.)
• Vista user account control (UAC) box
– Appears when action requires administrative
privileges
– Two Vista account types
• Administrator account, standard account
– Purposes
• Prevent malicious background tasks from doing harm
• Allow administrator to use less powerful account
– Can be disabled
– Uses color codes
• Red, yellow, green, grey
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Figure 2-30 The User Account Control box appears each time a user
attempts to perform an action requiring administrative privileges: (a) the
current account has administrative privileges; (b) the current account does
not have administrative privileges
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window
• Two most useful tools to explore files and folders
• Access Computer or My Computer window
– Windows Vista: click Start and click Computer
– Windows XP: click Start and click My Computer
– Windows 2000: double-click My Computer on the
desktop
• Open Windows Explorer
– Right-click Computer or My Computer and select
Explore from the menu
– Right-click Start and select Explore from the menu
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Files and directories
• Drives organized with single root directory
– At top of the top-down hierarchical structure of
subdirectories
– Exception: hard drive
• Divided into partitions
• Each volume has its own root directory and hierarchical
structure of subdirectories
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Figure 2-33 Storage devices such as a USB drive, CD, or hard
drive, are organized into directories and subdirectories that
contain files
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Files and directories (cont’d.)
• Path: location of a file referenced by a drive and
directories
Figure 2-34 The complete path to a file includes the volume letter,
directories, filename, and file extension; the colon, backslashes, and
period are required to separate items in the path
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Tips to navigate the directory structure
– Double-click to drill down to subfolders inside folders
– Right-click heading bar controls what information
appears
– Use top of the left pane in the Favorite Links area
– Find a folder or file using the Search box (Vista)
– Use forward and back arrows (Vista)
• Default layout for files and folders
– %SystemDrive%Users folder
– %SystemDrive%Documents and Settings folder
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Changing folder options
– Controls how users view files in a folder, what users
can do with the files
– File extension
• Used to identify file types (Windows)
• Default: hide file types
• Can view hidden files and file extensions
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Methods to create a file
– Use a particular application
– Use Windows Explorer or the Computer window
Figure 2-37 Create a new file using Windows Explorer
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Create a folder
– Select parent folder
•
•
•
•
•
Right-click in the white area of the right pane
Select New from the shortcut menu
Select one of three choices for folder types
Make a selection
Folder is created and highlighted so that it may be
renamed
– Can create folders within folders within folders
– Windows desktop is itself a folder
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Copy or delete files or folders
– Copy
• Right-click file, select Copy from the shortcut menu
• Click in folder white area where the copied item goes
• Select Paste from the shortcut menu
– Alternative way to copy
• Drag and drop item to its new location
– Delete
• Using Explorer, right-click the file or folder, select
Delete from the shortcut menu
– Recycle bin does not really delete files
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Windows Explorer And The Computer
Window (cont’d.)
• Change file attributes
– Use the Properties window
Figure 2-39 Properties of a file in Windows
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The Control Panel
• Contains applets used to manage the system
• Accessing Control Panel in Vista and XP
– Click Start and the click Control Panel
• Two views: Category View and Classic View
• Applets can be accessed directly
– Launched using the Vista Start dialog box (Run dialog
box in Windows 200/XP)
– Example: enter Main.cpl to open Mouse Properties
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System Information Utility
• Used to view detailed information about the system
• Important features
–
–
–
–
–
Processor or BIOS version installed
RAM is installed
OS installation directory
Hard drive size
Names of currently running drivers
• Open utility in Vista
– Click Start, and enter Msinfo32.exe in the Start box
and press Enter
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Command Prompt Window
• Used to enter multiple commands to perform a
variety of tasks
• Ways to open
– Vista Start box or Windows 2000/XP Run box
• Enter cmd.exe and press Enter
– Click Start, All Programs, Accessories, and Command
Prompt
• Clear text: type cls
• Close the window
– Type exit and press Enter or click the X close window
icon in the upper-right corner of the window
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Command Prompt Window (cont’d.)
• Two levels of command prompt windows
– Standard window and elevated window
Figure 2-44 An elevated command prompt window
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Summary
• OS manages system resources for users and
applications
• Many operating systems have evolved over time
• Operating systems
– Divided into a kernel and user shell
– Provide user interface, manage files, manage
applications, manage hardware
• Tools
– Windows desktop, Windows Explorer, System
Properties, Control Panel, Device Manager, System
Information, Windows Help
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