Slides are accurate, amendment includes:
1. Research Method: From Quantitative to Mixed Method
2. Research Theory: Change to Risk Communication Theory
3. RO and RQ changes
4. Hypothsis should base on dependent variables
5. More literature review, more citations
6……and so on
The Implementation of Government Regulations:
A Risk Communication Study during Covid-19 Pandemic in Malaysia
1
Research Background
2
RO and RQ
3
Literature Review and Theory
4
Framework and Methodolody
Research Background
01
02
In the end of 2019, the
Covid-19 pandemic has
come to the world. In the
year of 2020, Malaysia has
started the Movement
Controll Order as the
government restriction
plan.
During this time, Malaysia is
at the threats of the Covid-19
pandemic (Barro, Ursúa, &
Weng, 2020). The dangers
are posing significant risks to
the operations of various
organizations across the
country. The majority of the
organizations are struggling
to react to the rapidly
changing virus.
Effective risk communication by health
authorities, through relaying reliable and
authoritative information, is imperative in
combating the spread of the outbreak.
Problem Statement
• While the Malaysian government has made various
transformations in responding to the Covid-19, it is
clear that the state still needs to do more to change their
culture and to develop the most substantial potential
policies to secure, safeguard and protect people they
work with internationally (Heizer, Render, & Munson,
2016).
• The Malaysian leadership should now execute a range
of actions that have been ratified by their leadership and
relavant government agencies in ensuring accountable,
urgent, and comprehensive responses to the spread of
Covid-19. As Malaysia is facing extraordinary
challenges from coronavirus, the strains on the
government are extreme, and the impacts on the
Malaysian people throughout the country continue to
increase (Stock, 2020).
Research Questions and Research Objectives
1
W hat is the relationship between risk cimmunication campaign
and Malaysian citizen’s behabvior during Covid -19 pandemic?
2
W hat is the effectiveness of risk communication campaign and
overall awareness during Covid -19 pandemic?
3
W hy government risk communication strategies affecting the
Malaysian citizen’s behavior during Covid-19 pandemic?
1
To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n r i s k c o m m u n i c a t i o n
effectiveness and Malaysian citizen’s behavior during Covid -19
pandemic.
2
To m e a s u r e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f r i s k c o m m u n i c a t i o n c a m p a i g n
and overall awareness during Covid -19 pandemic among
Malaysian citizens.
3
To e x p l a i n M a l a y s i a n c i t i z e n ‘ s b e h a v i o r a f f e c t e d b y g o v e r n m e n t
risk communication strategies during Covid -19 pandemic.
RQ
RO
Significance of the Study
Reinforce Theoritical
Findings
Development of
Knowledge
Significant contribution to
the body of knowledge
in the field of general
communication.
Social Development
findings may inspire future
researches in governmental
communication leadership that
still has a vast unexplored area.
Self-Development
Scocial Meaning
Contribute towards the use of
Risk Comminication theory.
Regulation Implementation
This research will suggest a better
way to ensure that the population
remains well-informed, manage
misinformation, and reduce
spread of Covid-19.
Scope/Limitation of the Study
1
Limited to mass collection of sample. Quantitative research usually requires a large size
of samples. Due to the lack of resources, the huge scale collection of samples may be
impossible. Also, sometimes the researcher may face problems in controlling the
environment where the research is carried out (Cuervo-Cazurra et al. 2017).
2
The quantitative research method may involve structured designs, like questionnaires and
tables, to be filled with the gathered information (Basias & Pollalis, 2018). But this may lead
to limited outcomes that may be outlined in the research proposal. So, the results may not
always represent the actual occurrences and may appear in a generalized form. Moreover, the
respondents may have limited options to choose, basing on the selection made by the
researcher. Lastly, the type of analysis, study, and time to gather the required resources may
be too long. It is because this type of research is carefully planned so that accuracy of the
highest level can be obtained (Cuervo-Cazurra et al. 2017). Also, the kind of research study
done this way should involve people or the researcher with a statistical background, which
may be challenging to find or hire.
3
This study uses random sampling that creates a limitation of possible bias. For each survey
favourable sampling techniques are required to eliminate tendencies of bias choosing a
sample requires researchers to apply a method which may lead to bias-free participant
samples since this can influence the findings of a project (Basias & Pollalis, 2018). The
systematic sampling techniques are, most of the time, a breeding ground for research bias
since it might encourage predetermination of results and conclusions.
Literature Review
Author
Year
Findings
Key Words
Barro,
Ursúa,
& Weng
2020
Malaysia is under level three warnings from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. It means that there are continuous and
widespread respiratory infection outbreaks caused by the COVID19
•
Government
Regulations and
Restrictions
Chinazz
i et al.
2020
People with underlying health conditions and senior citizens are at
raised risks for severe infections. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention issued guiding principles such as social distancing,
lockdowns, cancellation, and postponement of education in
Malaysia.
•
Government
Regulations and
Restrictions
Almuzai
ni et al.,
2021
This study from Saudi Arabia showed that the risk communication
campaign by healthcare authorities during the covid-19 pandemic
has improved awareness among the general population in Saudi
Arabia.
•
Risk
Communication
Effectiveness
Ben et
al.,
2012
All communities need a way to communicate about present,
emerging, and evolving risks. There is a general consensus that
risk communication is a two-way process between the
communicator(s) and the recipients of the messages, but beyond
that, different definitions often include unique variables and
understandings.
•
Risk
Communication
Theory
Risk Communication Theory
Conceptual Framework
Malay
sian
Citize
n’s DV
Beha
vior
Prepa
redne
ss
Resp
onse
Reco
very
Risk
Public
Com
Warni
munic
ngs
Crisis
ation
Mana
Camp
Gover
Crisis
gment
aign
Reco
nment
Traini
very,
Regul
ng
Mitiga
ation
tion
Practi
and
ce
resilie
IV
Level
Overa
of
ll
Effecti
Aware
ve
ness
Com
munic
ation
Crisis and Emergency
Risk
Communication(CERC )
Model
Cross-Cutting Theories
Situational Theory of
Publics(STP)
Heuristic-Systematic
Model
Deliberative Process
Model
Hypothesis
H1
The risk communication campaign has an impact on Malaysian citizen’s
behavior during Covid-19 pandemic.
H2
The risk communication campaign and overall awareness is effective and clear
during Covid-19 pandemic.
Methodology Overall View
Items
Research Strategy
Research Design
Sample Size of Quan
Data Analysis for Quan
Location of Sample
Respondents
(Specific Criteria)
Validity test
Pilot test for Reliability test
Data Analysis
Details
Mixed Method
1.
In-depth interview
2.
Questionnaire Survey
3. Sampling Method: Purposive Sampling
400, for survey is enough for academeic research
SPSS
Kuala Lumpur
1. Ordinory Internet Users
2. Living Residences
3. Office workers
4. School Students/Staffs
Self-check and refer to supervisor
Cronbach’s Alpha
Correlation, Regression, Pearson R, Sentiment analysis
Sampling Criteria in KL – for Mixed Method
Office Workers
Quantitative
School
students/Staff
Company
Empolyees
Questionnaire
Living Residents
Qualitative
Government
Officials
In-depth Interview
Data Collection Method
The Pre-test/Pilot-test
will be conducted among
UM students
The pre-made, verified
questionnaire is spreaded
out via whatsapp,
facebook and email
Data will be selfcollected via google
sheets
Data analysis via SPSS
Data will be checked and
combined by researcher,
with the supervision of
supervisor
Reseach Instrument – Questionnaire
Number of
Questions
Type of
Questions
Data Type
A
D e mo g r a p h i c
( e g : G e n d e r, A g e ,
Job type)
5
Close Ended
Questions
Nominal /
Ordinal/Ra
tio
B
Malaysian
Behavior
10
7-point-scale
Interval
C
Effective
Communications
10
7-point-scale
Interval
D
Covid -19
Regulation
Implementation
10
7-point-scale
Interval
Section
Variable
Research Schedule
Proposal Defense
2022
Jan
2022
March
D a t a A n a l ys i s
2023
Jan
2024
Jan
Thesis Submission
D a t a C o l l e c ti o n
2024
Oct
Thesis Writing/Article Publishing
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The Implementation of Government Regulations:
A Risk Communication Study during Covid-19 Pandemic in Malaysia
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